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Load Characterization and Prediction of Entry into Perpetual Construction Domain for Highway Pavement Structures by Truck Factor Study

Received: 19 June 2020     Accepted: 4 July 2020     Published: 17 July 2020
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Abstract

This paper presents the results of pavement characterization study of a highway by Truck Factor and Axle Load Factor. The study highway is one of Nigeria’s most important corridors linking the South and the North of the country. The Truck Factor obtained is 9.30 Equivalent Standard Axle Loads (ESALs) while the average Load Factor per axle is 3.25 ESALs. These values particularly the Truck Factor are on the very high side in comparison to published figures in other countries. In the United States of America, published figures for Truck Factors for the rural Interstate highway system and rural principal arterials are 0.52and 0.38 respectively. That for the United Kingdom for similar roads is 2.75. Truck axle overload could therefore be one of the sources of prevalent premature pavement failures on this and similar highways in the country. Also, while single axles in the trucks carried a load of 2.29 ESALs each, tandem and tridem axles impacted the pavement with loads of 3.59 and 6.4 ESALs per axle respectively. If the study pavement were to be reconstructed for a design life of 20years, 66.05 million ESALs from truck axles would cumulate in this period as obtained from this study. This figure is more than double the 30million ESALs stipulated as the trigger load for perpetual or long life pavement construction. Therefore, the study highway should be reconstructed as such.

Published in International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology (Volume 6, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijtet.20200602.13
Page(s) 52-60
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Equivalent Standard Axle Loads, Truck Factor, Axle Load Factor, Perpetual Pavement, Annual Daily Truck Traffic, Load Equivalency Factor, AASHTO, Asphalt Institute

References
[1] Pantuso, A., Loprencipe, G., Bonin, G., and Teltayev, B. B (2019). Effective Implementation of Network Level Pavement Management Program for Kazakhstan MDP1 journal/sustainability.
[2] American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (1993). AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures. Washington DC.
[3] Asphalt Institute (1991). Thickness Design – Asphalt Pavements for Highways and Streets, Manual Series No. 1. Lexington KY.
[4] TRRL Laboratory Report 1132 (1984). The structural Design of Bituminous Roads by Powell, W. D, Potter, J. F, Mayhew, H. C and Nunn, M. E. Crowthorne Berkshire.
[5] TRL Transport Research Laboratory ORN 31 (1993). A Guide to the Structural Design of Bitumen-surfaced Roads in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Countries.
[6] Highway Research Board (1962). The AASHORoad Test Report 5, Highway Research Board Special Report 61E. Washington DC.
[7] Oguara, T. M (2006), Highway Engineering: Pavement Design, Construction and Maintenance. Malthouse Press Limited, 2006.
[8] Garber, N. J and Hoel, L. A (2001). Traffic and Highway Engineering (3rd ed.). Brooks/Cole, Thompson Learning.
[9] Hutchinson, B. G., Haas, R. G., Meyer, P., Hadipour, K and Papagiannakis, T. (1987). Equivalencies of Different Axle Load Groups. 2nd North American Pavement Management Conf., Waterloo, Ontario.
[10] Newcomb, D. E, Willis, R and Timm, D. H (2010). Perpetual Pavements- A Synthesis.
[11] Monismith, C. L., (2006). Perpetual Asphalt Pavement: Materials, Analysis/Design, Construction and other Considerations. International Conf. on Perpetual Pavement. Columbus, Ohio.
[12] Walubita, L. F., Scullion, T., Leidy, J. and Liu, W., (2009). A Review of the Texas Structural Design Criteria for Perpetual Pavements. Proceedings, Intl. Conf. of Perpetual Pavements. Ohio University, Columbus.
[13] Texas Department of Transportation (2011). Pavement Design Guide, Texas DOT.
[14] Ibrahim, A.(1981). Lagos-Ibadan Expressway: Problems and Solutions. PTRC Seminar on Highway Design and Maintenance In Developing Countries, July 1981, PTRC, 1981.
[15] Mbaezue, N. D, (2016). Evaluation of the Structural Performance of Asphaltic Concrete Highway Pavement (Zuba-Gwagwalada-ShedaAs A Case Study). Ph. D Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, 2016.
[16] Texas Research and Development Foundation and the Federal Ministry of Works and Housing (1986). Development of Pavement Evaluation Unit and Rehabilitation Design Procedure for Nigeria, Phase 2 of the Trunk Road Study. Lagos, Nigeria.
[17] The Nation Newspapers (Feb. 11, 2014). “Lagos-Ibadan Expressway to last for 50 years, says Minister.”
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Mbaezue Nkwute Donatus, Chukwuedozie Chinedu Samuel. (2020). Load Characterization and Prediction of Entry into Perpetual Construction Domain for Highway Pavement Structures by Truck Factor Study. International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology, 6(2), 52-60. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijtet.20200602.13

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    ACS Style

    Mbaezue Nkwute Donatus; Chukwuedozie Chinedu Samuel. Load Characterization and Prediction of Entry into Perpetual Construction Domain for Highway Pavement Structures by Truck Factor Study. Int. J. Transp. Eng. Technol. 2020, 6(2), 52-60. doi: 10.11648/j.ijtet.20200602.13

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    AMA Style

    Mbaezue Nkwute Donatus, Chukwuedozie Chinedu Samuel. Load Characterization and Prediction of Entry into Perpetual Construction Domain for Highway Pavement Structures by Truck Factor Study. Int J Transp Eng Technol. 2020;6(2):52-60. doi: 10.11648/j.ijtet.20200602.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijtet.20200602.13,
      author = {Mbaezue Nkwute Donatus and Chukwuedozie Chinedu Samuel},
      title = {Load Characterization and Prediction of Entry into Perpetual Construction Domain for Highway Pavement Structures by Truck Factor Study},
      journal = {International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology},
      volume = {6},
      number = {2},
      pages = {52-60},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijtet.20200602.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijtet.20200602.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijtet.20200602.13},
      abstract = {This paper presents the results of pavement characterization study of a highway by Truck Factor and Axle Load Factor. The study highway is one of Nigeria’s most important corridors linking the South and the North of the country. The Truck Factor obtained is 9.30 Equivalent Standard Axle Loads (ESALs) while the average Load Factor per axle is 3.25 ESALs. These values particularly the Truck Factor are on the very high side in comparison to published figures in other countries. In the United States of America, published figures for Truck Factors for the rural Interstate highway system and rural principal arterials are 0.52and 0.38 respectively. That for the United Kingdom for similar roads is 2.75. Truck axle overload could therefore be one of the sources of prevalent premature pavement failures on this and similar highways in the country. Also, while single axles in the trucks carried a load of 2.29 ESALs each, tandem and tridem axles impacted the pavement with loads of 3.59 and 6.4 ESALs per axle respectively. If the study pavement were to be reconstructed for a design life of 20years, 66.05 million ESALs from truck axles would cumulate in this period as obtained from this study. This figure is more than double the 30million ESALs stipulated as the trigger load for perpetual or long life pavement construction. Therefore, the study highway should be reconstructed as such.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Load Characterization and Prediction of Entry into Perpetual Construction Domain for Highway Pavement Structures by Truck Factor Study
    AU  - Mbaezue Nkwute Donatus
    AU  - Chukwuedozie Chinedu Samuel
    Y1  - 2020/07/17
    PY  - 2020
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijtet.20200602.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijtet.20200602.13
    T2  - International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology
    JF  - International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology
    JO  - International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology
    SP  - 52
    EP  - 60
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2575-1751
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijtet.20200602.13
    AB  - This paper presents the results of pavement characterization study of a highway by Truck Factor and Axle Load Factor. The study highway is one of Nigeria’s most important corridors linking the South and the North of the country. The Truck Factor obtained is 9.30 Equivalent Standard Axle Loads (ESALs) while the average Load Factor per axle is 3.25 ESALs. These values particularly the Truck Factor are on the very high side in comparison to published figures in other countries. In the United States of America, published figures for Truck Factors for the rural Interstate highway system and rural principal arterials are 0.52and 0.38 respectively. That for the United Kingdom for similar roads is 2.75. Truck axle overload could therefore be one of the sources of prevalent premature pavement failures on this and similar highways in the country. Also, while single axles in the trucks carried a load of 2.29 ESALs each, tandem and tridem axles impacted the pavement with loads of 3.59 and 6.4 ESALs per axle respectively. If the study pavement were to be reconstructed for a design life of 20years, 66.05 million ESALs from truck axles would cumulate in this period as obtained from this study. This figure is more than double the 30million ESALs stipulated as the trigger load for perpetual or long life pavement construction. Therefore, the study highway should be reconstructed as such.
    VL  - 6
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Civil Engineering, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria

  • Department of Civil Engineering, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria

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